ID: 30 - 35
Pantothenic Acid and Vitamin C
Overview
Pantothenic acid is a vitamin, also known as vitamin B5. It is widely found in both plants and animals including meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. Pantothenic acid is important for our bodies to properly use carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and for healthy skin.
Uses
1. Pantothenic acid deficiency.
2. Skin reactions from radiation therapy: Applying dexpanthenol to affected area.
3. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Other Uses:
Dry eyes,Eye trauma, Osteoarthritis, Recovery after surgery, Rheumatoid arthritis, Nasal dryness, Sinus infection, Skin irritation, Sprains, Alcoholism, Allergies, Hair loss, Asthma, Heart problems, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Lung disorders, Colitis, Eye infections (conjunctivitis), Convulsions, Kidney disorders, Dandruff, Depression, Diabetic problems, Enhancing immune function, Headache, Hyperactivity, Low blood pressure, Inability to sleep (insomnia), Irritability, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Muscle cramps, etc.
Side Effects and Safety:
Pantothenic acid is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in appropriate amounts. The recommended amount for adults is 5 mg per day. Even larger amounts (up to 10 grams) seem to be safe for some people. But taking larger amounts increases the chance of having side effects such as diarrhea.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Pantothenic acid is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in recommended amounts of 6 mg per day during pregnancy and 7 mg per day during breast-feeding. However, it is not known if taking more than this amount is safe. Avoid using larger amounts of pantothenic acid.
Children: Dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, is POSSIBLY SAFE for children when applied to the skin.
Hemophila: Do not take dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, if you have hemophila. It might increase the risk of bleeding.
Stomach blockage: Do not receive injections of dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, if you have a gastrointestinal blockage.
Ulcerative colitis: Use enemas containing dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, cautiously if you have ulcerative colitis.
Dosing:
As a dietary supplement: 5-10 mg of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5).
Recommended daily intakes for pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) are as follows: Infants 0-6 months, 1.7 mg; infants 7-12 months, 1.8 mg; children 1-3 years, 2 mg; children 4-8 years, 3 mg; children 9-13 years, 4 mg; men and women 14 years and older, 5 mg; pregnant women, 6 mg; and breastfeeding women, 7 mg.
ID: 12-17
Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B1
Thiamine is a vitamin, also called vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 is found in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, beans, nuts, and meat. It is often used in combination with other B vitamins, and found in many vitamin B complex products. Thiamine is required by our bodies to properly use carbohydrates.
Uses & Effectiveness
1. Effective for:
Metabolic disorders,
Thiamine deficiency,
Brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).
2. Possibly Effective for:
Cataracts,
Kidney disease in people with diabetes,
Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea),
3. Possibly Ineffective for:
Repelling mosquitos.
4. Insufficient Evidence for:
Athletic performance,
Preventing cervical cancer,
5. Other conditions.
Poor appetite.
Ulcerative colitis.
Chronic diarrhea.
Stomach problems.
Brain conditions.
AIDS.
Heart disease.
Alcoholism.
Stress.
Aging.
Canker sores.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in the recommended amount of 1.4 mg daily. Not enough is known about the safety of using larger amounts during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
Dosing
For adults with somewhat low levels of thiamine in their body (mild thiamine deficiency): the usual dose of thiamine is 5-30 mg daily in either a single dose or divided doses for one month. The typical dose for severe deficiency can be up to 300 mg per day.
As a dietary supplement in adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of thiamine are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg; infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg; girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; women 14-18 years, 1 mg; women over 18 years, 1.1 mg; pregnant women, 1.4 mg; and breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg.
BY INJECTION:
Healthcare providers give thiamine shots for treating and preventing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).
RIBOFLAVIN
Overview
Riboflavin is a B vitamin. It is involved in many processes in the body and is necessary for normal cell growth and function. It can be found in certain foods such as milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. Riboflavin is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products.
Riboflavin is required for the proper development of many things in the body including the skin, lining of the digestive tract, blood cells, and brain function.
Uses and EffectvenEffe
1. Possibly Effective for:
Cataracts,
Migraine headaches.
2. Possibly Ineffective for:
Stomach cancer,
Malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet (kwashiorkor),
Lung cancer,
Malaria, immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
Cervical cancer.,
Cancer of the food pipe (esophageal cancer),
High blood pressure,
Liver cancer.
Acne.
Aging.
Boosting the immune system.
Canker sores.
Maintaining healthy skin and hair.
Memory loss including Alzheimer's disease.
Muscle cramps.
Other conditions.
Dosing
General: The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of riboflavin for adults is 1.3 mg per day for males, 1.1 mg per day for women, 1.4 mg per day for pregnant females, and 1.6 mg per day for lactating women. There is no daily Upper Intake Levels (UL) for riboflavin, which is the highest level of intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects.
For preventing and treating low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency): Riboflavin 5-30 mg daily has been used.
For cataracts: A combination of riboflavin 3 mg plus niacin 40 mg daily for 5-6 years has been used.
For high levels of homocysteine in the blood): Riboflavin 1.6 mg daily for 12 weeks has been used. A combination containing 75 mg of riboflavin, 0.4 mg of folic acid, and 120 mg of pyridoxine daily for 30 days has also been used.
For migraine headaches: The most common dose is riboflavin 400 mg daily for at least three months. A specific product (Dolovent; Linpharma Inc., Oldsmar, FL ) dosed at two capsules in morning and two capsules in the evening for 3 months has also been used. This dose provides a total of riboflavin 400 mg, magnesium 600 mg, and coenzyme Q10 150 mg per day.
ID 23-29. VITAMIN B6 & B12
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxine is a vitamin. It can be found in certain foods such as cereals, beans, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. It can also be made in a laboratory. Pyridoxine is required for the proper function of sugars, fats, and proteins in the body. It is also required for the proper growth and development of the brain, nerves, skin, and many other parts of the body.
Uses:
1. Anemia (sideroblastic anemia).
2. Certain seizures in infants (pyridoxine-dependent seizures).
3. Pyridoxine deficiency.
4. High homocysteine blood levels.
5. Macular degeneration.
6. Behavior disorder in children caused by low serotonin levels (hyperkinetic cerebral dysfunction syndrome).
7. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
8. Movement disorders (tardive dyskinesia).
9. High blood pressure.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Pyridoxine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant women when taken under the supervision of their healthcare provider. It is sometimes used in pregnancy to control morning sickness. High doses are UNSAFE. High doses can cause newborns to have seizures.
Pyridoxine is LIKELY SAFE for breast-feeding women when used in amounts not larger than 2 mg per day (the recommended dietary allowance). Avoid using higher amounts. Not enough is known about the safety of pyridoxine at higher doses in breast-feeding women.
Dosing:
The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of vitamin B6 are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.1 mg; Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; Children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; Children 9-13 years, 1 mg; Males 14-50 years, 1.3 mg; Males over 50 years, 1.7 mg; Females 14-18 years, 1.2 mg; Females 19-50 years, 1.3 mg; Females over 50 years, 1.5 mg; Pregnant women, 1.9 mg; and breast-feeding women, 2 mg. Some researchers think the RDA for women 19-50 years should be increased to 1.5-1.7 mg per day. The recommended maximum daily intake is: Children 1-3 years, 30 mg; Children 4-8 years, 40 mg; Children 9-13 years, 60 mg; Adults, pregnant and breast-feeding women, 14-18 years, 80 mg; and Adults, pregnant and breast-feeding women, over 18 years, 100 mg.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B-12 is a crucial B vitamin. It is needed for nerve tissue health, brain function, and the production of red blood cells. Cobalamin is another name for vitamin B-12.
Fast facts on vitamin B-12:
1. Vitamin B-12 is important for brain function the synthesis of red blood cells.
2. Deficiency of vitamin B-12 can lead to neurological difficulties and anemia.
3. People over the age of 14 should consume more than 2.4 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin B-12 daily.
4. Vitamin B-12 is naturally available in meats, but people who do not eat meat, such as vegans, can obtain vitamin B-12 in supplement form.
Foods:
Vitamin B-12 can be found naturally in animal products, such as fish, meat, eggs, and dairy products. It does not typically occur in plant foods.
Good dietary sources of vitamin B-12 include:
1. beef
2. pork
3. ham
4. poultry
5. lamb
6. fish, especially haddock and tuna
dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt
some nutritional yeast products
7. eggs
Some types of soya milk and breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin B-12.
Benefits:
Vitamin B-12 is crucial to the normal function of the brain and the nervous system. It is also involved in the formation of red blood cells and helps to create and regulate DNA.
The metabolism of every cell in the body depends on vitamin B-12, as it plays a part in the synthesis of fatty acids and energy production. Vitamin B-12 enables the release of energy by helping the human body absorb folic acid.
Deficiency symptoms:
1. Vitamin B-12 deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough vitamin B-12.
2. It can result in irreversible and potentially severe damage, especially to the nervous system and brain.
3. Thought processes
Vitamin B-12 is important for brain function, and neurological symptoms occur if the body does not have enough.
4. Even slightly lower-than-normal levels of vitamin B-12 can trigger deficiency symptoms, such as depression, confusion, memory problems, and fatigue.
5. Other symptoms of vitamin B-12 deficiency include constipation, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
ID: 36-42. SODIUM & CHLORIDE (MINERALS).
SODIUM
Pantothenic Acid and Vitamin C
Overview
Pantothenic acid is a vitamin, also known as vitamin B5. It is widely found in both plants and animals including meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. Pantothenic acid is important for our bodies to properly use carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and for healthy skin.
Uses
1. Pantothenic acid deficiency.
2. Skin reactions from radiation therapy: Applying dexpanthenol to affected area.
3. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Other Uses:
Dry eyes,Eye trauma, Osteoarthritis, Recovery after surgery, Rheumatoid arthritis, Nasal dryness, Sinus infection, Skin irritation, Sprains, Alcoholism, Allergies, Hair loss, Asthma, Heart problems, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Lung disorders, Colitis, Eye infections (conjunctivitis), Convulsions, Kidney disorders, Dandruff, Depression, Diabetic problems, Enhancing immune function, Headache, Hyperactivity, Low blood pressure, Inability to sleep (insomnia), Irritability, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Muscle cramps, etc.
Side Effects and Safety:
Pantothenic acid is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in appropriate amounts. The recommended amount for adults is 5 mg per day. Even larger amounts (up to 10 grams) seem to be safe for some people. But taking larger amounts increases the chance of having side effects such as diarrhea.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Pantothenic acid is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in recommended amounts of 6 mg per day during pregnancy and 7 mg per day during breast-feeding. However, it is not known if taking more than this amount is safe. Avoid using larger amounts of pantothenic acid.
Children: Dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, is POSSIBLY SAFE for children when applied to the skin.
Hemophila: Do not take dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, if you have hemophila. It might increase the risk of bleeding.
Stomach blockage: Do not receive injections of dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, if you have a gastrointestinal blockage.
Ulcerative colitis: Use enemas containing dexpanthenol, a derivative of pantothenic acid, cautiously if you have ulcerative colitis.
Dosing:
As a dietary supplement: 5-10 mg of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5).
Recommended daily intakes for pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) are as follows: Infants 0-6 months, 1.7 mg; infants 7-12 months, 1.8 mg; children 1-3 years, 2 mg; children 4-8 years, 3 mg; children 9-13 years, 4 mg; men and women 14 years and older, 5 mg; pregnant women, 6 mg; and breastfeeding women, 7 mg.
ID: 12-17
Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B1
Thiamine is a vitamin, also called vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 is found in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, beans, nuts, and meat. It is often used in combination with other B vitamins, and found in many vitamin B complex products. Thiamine is required by our bodies to properly use carbohydrates.
Uses & Effectiveness
1. Effective for:
Metabolic disorders,
Thiamine deficiency,
Brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).
2. Possibly Effective for:
Cataracts,
Kidney disease in people with diabetes,
Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea),
3. Possibly Ineffective for:
Repelling mosquitos.
4. Insufficient Evidence for:
Athletic performance,
Preventing cervical cancer,
5. Other conditions.
Poor appetite.
Ulcerative colitis.
Chronic diarrhea.
Stomach problems.
Brain conditions.
AIDS.
Heart disease.
Alcoholism.
Stress.
Aging.
Canker sores.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in the recommended amount of 1.4 mg daily. Not enough is known about the safety of using larger amounts during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
Dosing
For adults with somewhat low levels of thiamine in their body (mild thiamine deficiency): the usual dose of thiamine is 5-30 mg daily in either a single dose or divided doses for one month. The typical dose for severe deficiency can be up to 300 mg per day.
As a dietary supplement in adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of thiamine are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg; infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg; girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; women 14-18 years, 1 mg; women over 18 years, 1.1 mg; pregnant women, 1.4 mg; and breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg.
BY INJECTION:
Healthcare providers give thiamine shots for treating and preventing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome).
RIBOFLAVIN
Overview
Riboflavin is a B vitamin. It is involved in many processes in the body and is necessary for normal cell growth and function. It can be found in certain foods such as milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. Riboflavin is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products.
Riboflavin is required for the proper development of many things in the body including the skin, lining of the digestive tract, blood cells, and brain function.
Uses and EffectvenEffe
1. Possibly Effective for:
Cataracts,
Migraine headaches.
2. Possibly Ineffective for:
Stomach cancer,
Malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet (kwashiorkor),
Lung cancer,
Malaria, immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
Cervical cancer.,
Cancer of the food pipe (esophageal cancer),
High blood pressure,
Liver cancer.
Acne.
Aging.
Boosting the immune system.
Canker sores.
Maintaining healthy skin and hair.
Memory loss including Alzheimer's disease.
Muscle cramps.
Other conditions.
Dosing
General: The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of riboflavin for adults is 1.3 mg per day for males, 1.1 mg per day for women, 1.4 mg per day for pregnant females, and 1.6 mg per day for lactating women. There is no daily Upper Intake Levels (UL) for riboflavin, which is the highest level of intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects.
For preventing and treating low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency): Riboflavin 5-30 mg daily has been used.
For cataracts: A combination of riboflavin 3 mg plus niacin 40 mg daily for 5-6 years has been used.
For high levels of homocysteine in the blood): Riboflavin 1.6 mg daily for 12 weeks has been used. A combination containing 75 mg of riboflavin, 0.4 mg of folic acid, and 120 mg of pyridoxine daily for 30 days has also been used.
For migraine headaches: The most common dose is riboflavin 400 mg daily for at least three months. A specific product (Dolovent; Linpharma Inc., Oldsmar, FL ) dosed at two capsules in morning and two capsules in the evening for 3 months has also been used. This dose provides a total of riboflavin 400 mg, magnesium 600 mg, and coenzyme Q10 150 mg per day.
ID 23-29. VITAMIN B6 & B12
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxine is a vitamin. It can be found in certain foods such as cereals, beans, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. It can also be made in a laboratory. Pyridoxine is required for the proper function of sugars, fats, and proteins in the body. It is also required for the proper growth and development of the brain, nerves, skin, and many other parts of the body.
Uses:
1. Anemia (sideroblastic anemia).
2. Certain seizures in infants (pyridoxine-dependent seizures).
3. Pyridoxine deficiency.
4. High homocysteine blood levels.
5. Macular degeneration.
6. Behavior disorder in children caused by low serotonin levels (hyperkinetic cerebral dysfunction syndrome).
7. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
8. Movement disorders (tardive dyskinesia).
9. High blood pressure.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Pyridoxine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant women when taken under the supervision of their healthcare provider. It is sometimes used in pregnancy to control morning sickness. High doses are UNSAFE. High doses can cause newborns to have seizures.
Pyridoxine is LIKELY SAFE for breast-feeding women when used in amounts not larger than 2 mg per day (the recommended dietary allowance). Avoid using higher amounts. Not enough is known about the safety of pyridoxine at higher doses in breast-feeding women.
Dosing:
The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of vitamin B6 are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.1 mg; Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; Children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; Children 9-13 years, 1 mg; Males 14-50 years, 1.3 mg; Males over 50 years, 1.7 mg; Females 14-18 years, 1.2 mg; Females 19-50 years, 1.3 mg; Females over 50 years, 1.5 mg; Pregnant women, 1.9 mg; and breast-feeding women, 2 mg. Some researchers think the RDA for women 19-50 years should be increased to 1.5-1.7 mg per day. The recommended maximum daily intake is: Children 1-3 years, 30 mg; Children 4-8 years, 40 mg; Children 9-13 years, 60 mg; Adults, pregnant and breast-feeding women, 14-18 years, 80 mg; and Adults, pregnant and breast-feeding women, over 18 years, 100 mg.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B-12 is a crucial B vitamin. It is needed for nerve tissue health, brain function, and the production of red blood cells. Cobalamin is another name for vitamin B-12.
Fast facts on vitamin B-12:
1. Vitamin B-12 is important for brain function the synthesis of red blood cells.
2. Deficiency of vitamin B-12 can lead to neurological difficulties and anemia.
3. People over the age of 14 should consume more than 2.4 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin B-12 daily.
4. Vitamin B-12 is naturally available in meats, but people who do not eat meat, such as vegans, can obtain vitamin B-12 in supplement form.
Foods:
Vitamin B-12 can be found naturally in animal products, such as fish, meat, eggs, and dairy products. It does not typically occur in plant foods.
Good dietary sources of vitamin B-12 include:
1. beef
2. pork
3. ham
4. poultry
5. lamb
6. fish, especially haddock and tuna
dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt
some nutritional yeast products
7. eggs
Some types of soya milk and breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin B-12.
Benefits:
Vitamin B-12 is crucial to the normal function of the brain and the nervous system. It is also involved in the formation of red blood cells and helps to create and regulate DNA.
The metabolism of every cell in the body depends on vitamin B-12, as it plays a part in the synthesis of fatty acids and energy production. Vitamin B-12 enables the release of energy by helping the human body absorb folic acid.
Deficiency symptoms:
1. Vitamin B-12 deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough vitamin B-12.
2. It can result in irreversible and potentially severe damage, especially to the nervous system and brain.
3. Thought processes
Vitamin B-12 is important for brain function, and neurological symptoms occur if the body does not have enough.
4. Even slightly lower-than-normal levels of vitamin B-12 can trigger deficiency symptoms, such as depression, confusion, memory problems, and fatigue.
5. Other symptoms of vitamin B-12 deficiency include constipation, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
ID: 36-42. SODIUM & CHLORIDE (MINERALS).
SODIUM
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