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Document 01: Class Notes Document 02: Market Segmentation Document 03: Difference between Marketing and Selling Document 04: EXIM Policy, Foreign Trade Policy, FERA, FEMA Document 05: World Trade Organisation (WTO) Document 06: Revision Notes Determining market demand, competition, and key strengths: Market Positioning  Forecasting

TCA CYCLE 18.1 Introduction The citric acid cycle, also known as the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle or Krebs cycle (after its discoverer in 1937), is used to oxidize the pyruvate formed during the glycolytic breakdown of glucose into CO 2  and H 2 O. The cycle is a major energy source in the form of ATP and also produces precursors for many biosynthetic pathways. The citric acid cycle operates in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. Succinate dehydrogenase, the only membrane-bound enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. 18.2 The cycle The cycle forms the central part of a three-step process which oxidizes organic fuel molecules into C O 2 with the concomitant production of ATP. 18.2.1 Step 1 – Oxidation of fuel molecules to acetyl CoA A major source of energy is glucose which is converted by glycolysis into pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (a complex of