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            MICROBIAL DIVERSITY  The term 'biological diversity' or biodiversity is defined as the variability among living organisms. The main key of biodiversity on Earth is due to evolution. The structural and functional diversity of any cell represents it evolutionary events which occurred through Darwinian theory of natural selection. Natural selection and survival of the fittest theory is involved on microorganisms. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Attempts  to estimate total number of Bacteria, Archaea and Viruses even more problematic because of difficulties such as detection and recovery from the environment, incomplete knowledge of obligate microbial associates. Example: Incomplete knowledge of Symbiobacterium thermophilum, and the problem of species concept in these groups. Further, microbial diversity can be seen on cell size, morphology, metabolism, motility, cell division development biology, adaptation t

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What is Breed?  A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species. Breeds are formed through genetic isolation and either natural adaptation to the environment or selective breeding, or a combination of the two. Despite the centrality of the idea of "breeds" to animal husbandry and agriculture, no single, scientifically accepted definition of the term exists. A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a term of art amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset. Breed Characteristics Breed specific characteristics also known as breed traits are inherited, and purebred animals pass such traits from generation to generation. Thus, all specimens of the same breed carry severa

Fabrication and repair of metal objects by hot and cold forging on an anvil or with a power hammer or by welding and other means. Blacksmiths traditionally worked with iron (anciently known as "black metal"), making agricultural and other tools, fashioning hardware (e.g., hooks, hinges, handles) for the farm, the home, and industry, and shoeing horses. The term smithing is also applied to work with precious metals (gold, silver) as well as other metals (e.g., tin, including tinplate, and steel).   Smithing is an artisan skill through which players may create a wide variety of metal items from ore and metal bars. It is the companion skill of Mining, which generates all of the raw materials used in Smithing. Ores acquired from Mining are smelted into metal bars at furnaces, and then hammered into items at anvils. Many smithable items are useful in combat, quests, and the training of a number of other skills such as Crafting and Fletching. Overview  Smithing is

Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressiveforces. The blows are delivered with a hammer(often a power hammer) or a die. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal is heated, usually in a forge. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for millennia; the traditional products were kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, edged weapons, cymbals, and jewellery. Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machineswherever a component requires high strength; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry. Advantages & Disadvantages  ▪  Advantages :- Forging can

Welding is a fabrication or sculpturalprocess that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that is usually stronger than the base material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized. Processes Arc These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can use either direct(DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes prot

Spectroscopy is the analysis of the interaction between matter and any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Traditionally, spectroscopy involved the visible spectrum of light but X-Ray, gamma and UV spectroscopy also are valuable. Analytical techniques spectroscopy may involve any interaction between light and matter including absorption, emission, scattering, etc. Data obtained from spectroscopy is usually presented as a spectrum that is a plot of the factors being measured as a function of either frequency or wavelength. Principle : Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation which is absorbed or emitted by atoms of a sample. This absorption or emission happens when the atoms of the sample move from one energy state to another in presence of light. Every sample has molecules consisting of some functional groups by which they may incur color or some nature to absorb light of specific wavelength. This wavelength at which sample